![]() ![]() ![]() Various methods have previously been implemented for ice sensing including piezoelectric sensors, ultrasonic-based methods, and guided wave approaches 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. ![]() These ice-related hazards exemplify the need for an efficient and accurate system for detecting ice accretion, thickness, and rate of growth. Moreover, ice accumulation in oil pipelines, if unnoticed, can result in the destruction of the pipeline and environmental contamination 8. Ice accretion is also extremely hazardous to the public on roadway infrastructure 6, 7. Additionally, ice accretion reduces the efficiency of wind turbines regularly by altering their aerodynamic profile and disrupts the energy sector by causing power outages when ice accumulates on power transmission lines 2, 3, 4, 5. The impact of icing in the wind turbine power generation industry is particularly concerning due to incidents like the recent winter storm event in Texas where ice accretion stopped the operation of the wind turbines resulting in critical power production loss for multiple days 1. Ice formation and accumulation creates serious hazards and can cause critical damage or malfunction to equipment in various industries. This technology has applications in a variety of industries including the energy sector for detection of ice on wind turbines and power lines. The analysis within this work distinguishes the antenna sensor as a highly accurate and robust method for wireless ice accretion detection and monitoring. By fitting an exponential function to the recorded data, the freezing rate was also extracted. Additionally, the antenna was sensitive to both ice thickness and the surface area covered in ice displaying resonant frequency shifts of 2 MHz and 8 MHz respectively between 80 and 160 μL of ice. This sensor was capable of distinguishing between frost, ice, and water with total shifts in resonant frequency of 32 MHz and 36 MHz in the presence of frost and ice, respectively, when compared to the bare sensor. Detection was performed by monitoring the resonant amplitude and resonant frequency of the transmission coefficient between the antenna sensor and a wide band receiver. A patch antenna sensor with T-shaped slots operating at 2.378 GHz was developed and investigated for wireless ice and frost detection applications. ![]()
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